HBS Case Innovation and Collaboration at Merrill Lynch Essay

In a quickly evolving world, associations need to constantly distinguish new open doors past existing abilities in the event that they are to endure and thrive. Clients likewise progressively need modified items. Client care has become a cleanliness factor and client steadfastness is currently being driven by quicker development, fast idea to-market and item co-creation. This has prompted the expansion of the coordinated effort worldview to client confronting capacities in the flexibly chain, to be specific the item plan and prototyping stage. Cooperation is turning into another and significant wellspring of upper hand. Truly, investigators in the venture bank would in general work autonomously. Particularly, in the start of 1990s, the globalization overpowered the market and financial specialist became to feel that they ought put resources into the nearby market, however put resources into the universal market. With this difference in clients’ demeanor, the venture bank became to feel the need of advancement of their working style. Under these circumstances, Merrill Lynch chose to make entirely unexpected style of examination report, the capital structure report which was just conceivable with the cooperation of universal market, cross-area, and cross-resource investigators. The First Capital-Structure report about the U.S. Link Industry secured seven organizations. It was the principal attempt of shared work in Merrill Lynch, so it didn’t have any unmistakable rules for the compelling collaboration. There was no away from of collaboration, and furthermore there was no inspiration for the member. Investigators from various areas were approached to get together one day, and requested to make a capital structure report. With no reasonable objective, and without the structure and arrangement of cooperation, the entire method continued wastefully. It required some investment to get the last report, however the nature of report was not fulfilled. As it were, its attempt to change was imaginative, however the cooperation itself was less â€Å"value-addable†. The subsequent Capital-Structure report about U.S. Utilities secured 5 organizations. This time, it appeared as though there were clear objectives; â€Å"The thought from get-go was that individuals would have the option to get this thing and begin creating tradesâ from it. That was objective number one. The subsequent objective was to have the report sitting on people’s work areas for a decent timeframe as a kind of perspective manual for how various pieces of the capital structure affected one another and influenced valuations and potential opportunities† likewise, the members in this undertaking worked pretty intently together as of now. Be that as it may, these were insufficient for the compelling joint effort. They were as yet not inspired to the venture a great deal, and the greater duty may have been called for. This implies they still didn’t have explicit objective to set out toward. Nonattendance of explicit objective normally brought heaps of discussions which moderate the advancement. At the point when the group completed the task, the report got a great deal of positive input from customers. What's more, it appears that Merrill Lynch met its objective before all else. Be that as it may, without the particular objective of what they ought to accomplish, and with the loads of data they should combine all, â€Å"it was a granulating exercise† to reach on the conclusive outcome. The Third Capital-Structure Report was about auto organizations. Right now U.S. authorities and Europe experts cooperated. Investigators didn't require a lot of persuading in light of the fact that they definitely knew the requirement for this communitarian work. There were bunches of vitality and eagerness as of now. What's more, this third venture began with an arrangement; they recognized what they need to accomplish explicitly and they additionally had the unmistakable cutoff time. The entire method was advanced easily from this progression to the following. Subsequently, Sales got notification from a customer that â€Å"the esteem included thoughts contained in the report are unique, separate Merrill from the remainder of the Street, and give them another motivation to pay Merrill commissions.† Despite the fact that Merrill Lynch adapted heaps of things experiencing the upper three cases, there still are numerous issues remained. The task may have been all the more ideal and had an unmistakable pioneer. To accomplish the further fruitful advancement and coordinated effort, there are numerous significant things Browning as the executive of the exploration division ought to have pondered. As a pioneer for change, Browning should set the subject by conveying motivating dreams, which give an image of things to come consolidating verse and composition, creative mind and logic, drawing on goal, dream, prize,â target, message, and initial step. In this way, first, as a pioneer Browing must be secure about team’s sanction, strategic, and targets to colleagues. What's more, workers must accept a specific degree of individual exertion will prompt accomplishing the corporation’s norms of execution. So Browing should set stretch objectives which they empower individuals. What's more, Browing must face the key inquiries that must be replied and afterward convey the intrinsic truth that rouses. The correspondence of that motivating vision is ostensibly the fundamental condition. So For this, he should dispatch interior site for his creative task and this site will help colleagues speed up project’s vision correspondence just as convenient data get to. To be explicit, officially, the experts can share data about every part consistently through email, e-bulletin, and standard cross-division meeting. For instance, the value examiner can have the synopsis about current security market or subordinate market week by week or every other week. Additionally, through internal data meeting for cross-resource coordinated effort report the investigator could get an opportunity of dissecting upsides and downsides of the joint effort report. Second, for viable correspondence, Browning needs to fabricate the trust and regard in the inventive undertaking group. Casually, similarly as Fleishman demanded, through easygoing lunch or ordinary supper, cross-resource investigators could be near one another, and all-of-abrupt they could be working together. Furthermore, this association would energize significant discourse around issues of convincing significance to investigators. To create strong establishment and shared trust, up close and personal association is required. Furthermore, similarly as Hezig suggested, having recently recruited employees turn for a while before getting allotted to do research may be a valuable instrument for viable correspondence. New representatives not exclusively could be alright with cross-resource assets, yet in addition could have cozy associations with cross-resource partners. Third, Browing needs to fabricate the way of life which intentionally animates deliberate joint effort. So he needs to focus on structure a cooperative development group which can add adaptability to arranging and control frameworks. Without adaptability, experts can stop their inventive and gainful thoughts. So Browing need to think about this adaptability in a drawn out objective. Innovative joint effort regards and praises the gifts andâ contributions of every individual included, paying little mind to rank, position or skill. Associations that are not kidding about coordinated effort ensure there is a protected domain for facing the challenges that are fundamental for inventive cooperation. Fourth, Browing ought to make climate where invigorates advancement thoughts. It implies that he ought to make standards to advance imagination. Community oriented Innovation is another training that enhances current practice or reacts to new chances and difficulties. All things considered, numerous associations are attempting to fabricate their own way of life for advancement. In this manner Browing needs to concentrate on chance taking for change. Hazard taking is ‘no disciplines for failure’ and ‘freedom to attempt things and fail’. For instance, snickering at the individuals who propose new methodologies can quit sharing data one another. Another standard to advance imagination is transparency. Transparency incorporates open correspondence and help share data, open access, ability to counsel others. Browing ought to be cautious about information dissipation. He should develop interior information database as an instrument at the corporate level for gathering thoughts and afterward advancing them. And furthermore he needs to give all the important workers to get to the database. Therefore, representatives who are keen on any pertinent subject can give negative or positive criticism and the subject can create in a superior manner. Development is a procedure, not only a yield. Break is as significant as time in. In the event that we have an issue, our minds keep on looking for the arrangement even while we are doing different things. Fifth, Browing ought to praise achievement making everybody legend. Praising achievements offers help for staff experiencing change. Similarly as Casea stated, Browining needs to persuade experts that shared task is added substance to their establishment, that it’s not only an extracurricular movement. Monetary prizes do urge individuals to deliver results. In any case, the sort of possession that truly creates vitality isn't budgetary. It is enthusiastic. Workers must feel that the prizes offered are appealing. Giving sufficient compensation, simultaneously he could praise the exertion and result at whatever point he experiences. This will give a motivatingâ sense of individual achievement and gradually will assemble promise to the coordinated effort. A strong presentation the executives framework requires due regard to both natural and outward rewards. So Browing ought to be talented at imparting instrumental and expressive messages simultaneously. The last proposal for Browning is to choose or designate the reasonable pioneer and make him control the group under solid initiative. Similarly as Casesa demonstrated, non-various leveled connections across divisions among experts convoluted the undertaking since there was likewise no genuine pioneer when examiners made the third capital-structure report. To keep up this advancement, Browning likewise h

John D. Rockefeller Essays (256 words) - Rockefeller Family

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 ? May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and altruist. Rockefeller upset the oil business and characterized the structure of current generosity. In 1870, he established the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he authoritatively resigned in 1897.[1] Standard Oil started as an Ohio organization shaped by John D. Rockefeller, his sibling William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, scientific expert Samuel Andrews, and a quiet accomplice Stephen V. Harkness. Rockefeller kept his stock and as gas developed in significance, his riches took off and he turned into the world's most extravagant man and first American extremely rich person, and is regularly viewed as the most extravagant individual in history.[2][3][4][5] Standard Oil was sentenced in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and separated in 1911. Rockefeller went through the most recent 40 years of his life in retirement. His fortune was mostly used to make the advanced efficient methodology of focused altruism with establishments that majorly affected medication, training, and logical research. His establishments spearheaded the advancement of clinical research, and were instrumental in the annihilation of hookworm and yellow fever. He is likewise the originator of both The University of Chicago and Rockefeller University. He was a dedicated Northern Baptist and bolstered many church-based foundations for a mind-blowing duration. Rockefeller clung to add up to restraint from liquor and tobacco all through his life.[6] He wedded Laura Celestia (Cettie) Spelman in 1864. They had four little girls and one child; John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Junior was to a great extent endowed with the oversight of the establishments

Everything You Need

Everything You Need How often do you say you need  something? I need  a new pair of shoes. I need  that new widget. I need  mo’ money! I need, I need. I need! Perhaps we need  to choose our words more carefully. There are times we actually need  something: Sometimes we really do need a new pair of shoes, a new winter coat, or a triple-tall soy latte (probably not). We obviously need food, water, housing, and clothes. And, to live a fulfilling life, we need our health, our relationships, our sanity. But there are many things we do not need: the majority of things we think we need,  are only things we want. You already have everything you need. Look aroundâ€"youll never need more than this. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Welfare Drug Testing - 1506 Words

Name Teacher Class Date Drug Testing: Well-Fitting for Welfare â€Å"According to a new study released by the World Health Organization, the U.S leads the world and takes the gold for the use of tobacco, pot, and cocaine, far outpacing other countries†(US Ranks #1). According to an article on alternet.org America abuses drugs worse than any other country. It is no secret that the United States’ economy is nearing an all time low. With the economy being nearly as bad as ever in the history of our country it is very concerning that our drug use is at an all time high. If a large percentage of United States citizens do not have jobs, cannot afford food, clothes, shelter, and the government is providing money for these people, where is the†¦show more content†¦Thus leading to the assumption that tax payers money is being given to people without jobs and without a way to support themselves for many different reasons and that the tax payers hard earned money is what is being spent on drugs . A strong point in tax payer’s opinions is that if people are working hard to have the money and life they want for themselves, they would not be so quick to spend it on illegal drugs that could cost them their freedom or harm their bodies, but the people who are given money by the government that the tax payers pay for do not earn that money therefore they do not have that respect for it and would be more willing to purchase drugs which could have been the cause for them not having jobs in the first place. Even with an undeniable populist appeal to drug testing when it comes anyone wanting to receive government benefits that come out of Americans tax dollars, there are several negatives to this claim. Such as it’s likely to be unconstitutional, and the stereotyping of people using the welfare program. Drug testing can be considered to be unconstitutional under the fourth amendment which is a ban onShow MoreRelatedThe Drug Of Drug Testing Welfare Recipients912 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Testing Welfare Recipients To test or not to test has been has been the question at hand for many states that are dealing with whether or not to pass the law that welfare recipients should or should not be drug tested in order to receive assistance from the government. Florida was the first state to mandate the law in 2011 and thereafter twenty four other states in the last year have also passed this law in our own state of Oklahoma being one of them. Although alcohol is legal it is abused farRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare Drug Testing Trevor Brooks, SOC 110 11/09/2011 In today’s America, government aid is highly depended on. The US government has spent $498 billion dollars this year on welfare alone. The state of Tennessee has an average of 250,000 residents on welfare and has $3 billion dollars this year alone. To help cut costs and help tax payers, 36 states, including Tennessee, have proposed a bill to drug test all welfare recipients. Since the beginning of the year, the welfare rateRead MoreDrug Testing For Welfare Recipients1347 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Since the reformation of welfare in 1996, nearly all states have attempted to pass legislation to require the use of drug testing among welfare recipients. Thirteen states have passed legislation and there are currently seven states testing applicants for drugs. The results have been somewhat anticlimactic, as the number of positive drug test results is lower than the national average. There are many concerns surrounding the issue of drug testing welfare recipients, including the cost, constitutionalityRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients1395 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2010, 17.5% of unemployed adults collecting some sort of welfare failed drug tests. In 2011, 23.8% of welfare recipients admitted to using illegal drugs, including marijuana. The problem the United States if facing is that welfare recipients are using the cash they are given to purchase illegal drugs. Many of these people purchasing illegal drugs had prior illegal drug abuse problems and some of these people believe that since they are given this â€Å"free† money, they can continue on with these addictionsRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients913 Words   |  4 PagesIf the drug testing is implemented, of course, there will always be those who feel violated, but what about the taxpayer’s rights? Do they have that right to know how their money is being spent? The problem with this development is there are so many ways to cheat and test clean. In theory that is true, but in reality not so sure because there are different types of testing. The main one is urinating in a cup and we all know that can be tampered with, but what about the hair strand, how is that possibleRead MoreDrug Testing And The Welfare Program2065 Words   |  9 PagesWelfare is a system of assistance that needs certain procedures put into place that will be beneficial to those people that use the program. Drug testing users of the welfare program can be seen as a violation of a person’s rights, can b e costly and cause a burden on a family that uses the system mostly involving children, but some people feel is necessary to ensure that the government’s money is being used productively. Miriam Webster’s dictionary defines welfare as â€Å"aid in the form of money orRead MoreShould Drug Testing Welfare Recipients?1679 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who test positive for drugs should be able to receive welfare. It was an argument that flooded social media, arguments filling comments with opinions. It is a subject that continues to be discussed within our peer groups, our communities, and our states. This paper will discuss the opinions of individual’s within the country, the beneficial factors of drug testing welfare recipients as well as the unbeneficial factors, as well as who decides if drug testing welfare recipients goes into effectRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthat in order to obtain a job, some people go through drug testing while drug and alcohol abusers receive free, no strings attached, financial assistance (see appendix A)? Food stamps and Medicaid are provided to low and no income Americans who would otherwise do without. According to heritage.org, a majority of the illegal drug use in American adults is tied to unemployed citizens. While there are many people who disagree with testing welfare recipients, the truth is that the pros greatly outweighRead MoreWelfare Drug Testing Persuasive Speech1704 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction a.i) Government assistance, or welfare, is a very broad term. There are many different welfare programs available in the United States e.g., food stamps, cash assistance, and government housing. Currently there is mass debate, in courtrooms across the U.S., regarding the legality and morality of pre-assistance drug testing. This report is intended to familiarize the reader with the history of welfare reform; the histories of drug testing in regards to assistance eligibility; and persuadeRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1613 Words   |  7 Pagestime-welfare reform. New screening processes, often considered a direct violation of constitutional rights, have already been enacted in many states. Strong evidence exists, asserting that the practice of administering drug testing to welfare recipients will cost the U.S. taxpayers more money in the long run, stigmatize applicants and participants, and serve only the purpose of making the pharmaceutical companies more powerful. In order to protect the constitutional rights of potential welfare recipients

Electronic Monitoring And The Problem Of Prison Overcrowding

Electronic Monitoring as an alternative to confinement Annabel oromoni University of Toronto Professor Phil Goodman November 15, 2014 The criminal justice system has succeeded in creating other ways of punishing offenders due to the problem of prison overcrowding. These are alternatives to confinement and unlike imprisonment, they do not involve being in a four square cell. Examples of alternative confinement include electronic monitoring, community supervision, house arrest, restorative justice and so on. For this project, I will be focusing on electronic monitoring as an alternative to imprisonment and why this form of punishment might be a better approach in sanctioning criminals. The debate on electronic monitoring as an alternative to confinement has been constant. According to the American Macmillan dictionary, Electronic monitoring is a system that allows the criminal justice department to monitor the location of an offender all the time using electronic equipment. A bracelet or an ankle device is the equipment used for electronic monitoring. Over the years, the use of EM has expanded all over the globe and there is a continuous debate on if this is a proper and punitive way of confinement. Questions have been raised concerning the effectiveness of its equipment while others believe that this punishment is not a severe penalty when compared to imprisonment. However, one of the principal objectives of electronic monitoring is to preventShow MoreRelatedPrison Overcrowding : The United States1535 Words   |  7 Pages 2017 Prison Overcrowding The United States has the highest number of incarcerated individuals than other countries. Offenders are arrested every day for minor and major offences such as murder. America is hard on crime. When someone breaks the law the criminal justice’s system seeks an eye for an eye. Prison overcrowding has become a major problem in the United States, it is very expensive to house an inmate and there are other methods to punish offenders without sending them to prison for extendedRead MoreThe Major Challenges Facing the Criminal Justice System1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe federal prison system has been unable to keep pace with the steady flow of inmates pouring into its facilities during the past five years, despite adding space for thousands of new offenders, according to a U.S. Government Accountability Office report. The report also found that the Bureau of Prisons has already surged to 39 percent above capacity and is projected to jump to more than 45 percent above its limits b y 2018 (GAO, 2012). According to a The New York Times article written by Adam LiptakRead MoreEssay on Alternatives to Prison1677 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Prison Prisons, facilities maintained for confining people convicted of committing crimes, were used to rehabilitate offenders while keeping them isolated from the community. The Quakers built the first prison in 1790 in order to seclude criminal offenders from society to think about their wrongdoing and to seek forgiveness in a kind, and spiritual environment. (Inciardi 497) Currently, there are three types of prisons within the Federal, State, and County governments. TheseRead More Alternatives to Incarceration Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIncarceration Ever since the first prison opened in the United States in 1790, incarceration has been the center of the nations criminal justice system. Over this 200 year period many creative alternatives to incarceration have been tried, and many at a much lower cost than imprisonment. It wasn’t until the late 1980’s when our criminal justice systems across the country began experiencing a problem with overcrowding of facilities. This problem forced lawmakers to develop new options forRead MoreAlternative to Incarceration Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesAlternatives to incarceration Ever since the first prison opened in the United States in 1790, incarceration has been the center of the nations criminal justice system. Over this 200 year period many creative alternatives to incarceration have been tried, and many at a much lower cost than imprisonment. It wasnt until the late 1980s when our criminal justice systems across the country began experiencing a problem with overcrowding of facilities. This problem forced lawmakers to develop new options forRead MoreCorrections Trends Evaluation Paper1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmany years and continued to change and evolve in the United States reflecting society’s values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatment facilities. Past, present, and future trends in regard to the development and operation of institutional and community-based correctionsRead MoreEssay on Probation and Electronic Monitoring503 Words   |  3 Pages I am doing this paper on electronic monitoring. I am doing this paper because I need a paper to write for you and this is the page I opened to in the book to get the idea. No, really because I believe that electronic monitoring is a terrific way to police probation and parolees when probation and parole officers are so severely overworked. By not having to check in on the offenders as much, because at any time we can hit a button and know exactly where they are, or be notified instantly when theyRead More Home Confinement is the Solution to Prison Overcrowding Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesSolution to Prison Overcrowding      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prison overcrowding is one of the largest problems facing the American criminal justice system today. Many people may think this issue does not affect them, but the problem becomes important when overcrowding forces prisoners to be granted early release. In cases of extreme brutality, the sentence served by criminals can be short. Because prison space in the city is tight, each offender can be accommodated only briefly (Punishment). Prison overcrowdingRead MoreUnintended Consequences Of The State Prison System1010 Words   |  5 Pages state budget cuts, lowering prison over-crowding, and improving corrections are the underlying reasons for the policy shift. Although â€Å"county custody costs (county jail) may be somewhat lower than state prison costs, shifting the custody and supervision costs of selected offender groups to the county will only cut spending in state prisons,† and may fail to lower the overall costs of corrections in California (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 47). Whereas the state prison system seems to be progressingRead MoreEssay The War on Drugs1347 Words   |  6 PagesWAR ON DRUGS Abstract Because of the war on drugs, prison overcrowding is vastly becoming a problem of astronomical proportion, putting a strain not only on the system of law enforcement, but on citizens as well. With studies in DNA and other forensic sciences that can pin point with exact precision the perpetrator of a crime; more and more criminal offenders are being caught, tried, and imprisoned for the crimes they have committed. Many of these crimes are initiated by the use of drugs, such

Biology of Serial Killers Essay - 2206 Words

Pakhomou (2004) defines a serial killer as a person who commits numerous homicides of different kinds in a repetitive manner and nature. On the other hand, Knight (2007) defines serial murder as the killing within a period of 30 days of three or more people. Such killings are committed by sadists and pervasive persons and they reflect displaced aggression, fantasies and destruction. This indicates clearly that, a serial killer doe’s not just carryout the act by being in a normal situation, but they act due to many eminent factors that lead them to carrying out the malicious act. These factors could be influenced by drugs and substance use, overwhelming sexual desire, carrying out revenge, or desire to acquire property. Sexual homicide†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, psychopaths are able to differentiate between good and bad behavior. Despite this ability, they seem not to care about any situation that they face in life. They further do not have the ability to empathize, have no room for being guilty, and are never remorseful of their deeds. They commit murder simply because they have the desire to do so and they feel it is good for them. An evident characteristic about them is there overwhelming urge for power, and abnormality stimulated by sexual desires. This further indicates that the biological complexity that an individual could be facing easily influences the act he is going to carry out. Asocial and non-social are the other groups of serial killers. Asocial serial killer carries out his job in a disorganized way, he or she has no plan of what to do in many cases, he or she often feels lonely, and he or she often applies no skills on the act. In a fearful mode, he knocks the victim in an unconscious way before committing the murder. He further moves the victim to a new place. On the other hand, the non-social serial killer carries the act systematically and often leaves the victim at the crime scene. They mostly come up with a clea r plan of what they are going to do and also the strategy to use in order to achieve their goal. Most of the serial killers have undergone various difficulties in life. These include, very challenging relationships, loneliness, intense fear and lack of adequate trust forShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers: Biology or Upbringing?2287 Words   |  10 PagesRussell 1 November 2010 Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing? As people in todays society, we are constantly being bombarded with the crazy actions that mankind is capable of. We watch the news and hear about murders, or even read a book about a mysterious killer. As we go through these pieces of reality, one cant help but be struck by the thought--what causes a person to act so violently? There have been many studies done to try and find an answer. For a crime such as serial killing, there areRead More The Biology of a Serial Killer Essay examples2674 Words   |  11 PagesStephanie falls in love. A short time after the small wedding ceremony Bundy abandons Stephanie during a ski vacation and she never hears from him again.(2) In the context of this short historical blip from the life of Americas most normal serial killer the ensuing killing and mutilation spree may be explained in any number of ways. Biologically we could look for an imbalance in neurotransmitter firing or an oversized development in the frontal lobe of his brain. Sociologically we could pointRead MoreThe Medical Field And The Science Field942 Words   |  4 PagesSerial killers often are torn between their mental stability and their immoral actions. Mental issues are widely overlooked in the medical field and in the science world. Psychology does not seem to be an objective science to the majority of the world, and the brain is one of the arduous organs to study in the body. Not much detail is known about how the brain works and why it works the way it does, as the study of the human brain is still a relatively new field in the medical and science field.Read MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers1147 Words   |  5 Pagescask of acid dissolvi ng what remained of the young boy. This is the dark mind of Jeffrey Dahmer, he murdered not in hatred, vengeance, or financial enrichment but on pure impulse and lust. Forensic psychoanalysts have picked apart the minds of serial killers to find answers as to what causes them to carry out such perverse acts. Many believe it is impervious for an innocent adolescent to be born with the capability to commit a heinous act suchlike murder. But how could we depraved humanity so muchRead MoreThe Case Of Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesskulls of those who came before. Dismembering the remnants of the body he placed skin, blood, and bone into a fifty-gallon vat of acid dissolving what was left of the young man†(Center Crisis Management). Jeffrey Dahmer one of the most notorious serial killer did not murder for financial gain, rage, or vengeance, he murdered to feed a desire. Could Dahmer’s DNA be the reason for his impulses to kill? Many theories criticize the biological perspective, but the studies of those who commit murder suggestRead MoreThe Creation of a Serial Killer: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Serial killers are human black holes; they scare us because they mirror us,† spoke Shirley Lynn Scott, known author and psychologi st. This stands true throughout history, as most serial killers blend in with society. Serial killing is formally defined by the FBI as â€Å"a series of three or more killings, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors.† But what exactly drives someone to kill another human beingRead MoreSerial Killers and Mass Murderers2058 Words   |  9 PagesBlankenship 6 April 2000 Mrs. Waggener English II Mass Murderers and Serial Killers Mass Murderers and Serial Killers are nothing new to todays society. These vicious killers are all violent, brutal monsters and have an abnormal urge to kill. What gives people these urges to kill? What motivates them to keep killing? Do these killers get satisfaction from killing? Is there a difference between mass murderers and serial killers or are they the same. How do they choose their victims and whatRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesunderwater, little body fat giving him a wiry frame, and the development of negative buoyancy. In the article â€Å"Human (Amphibious Model)† the debate of nature versus nurture is exemplified in Sulbin’s human adaptation, â€Å"the Bajau fisherman shows us how biology and culture are inseparable because what he does ends up shaping his body, but only because he grew up around people who knew how to manage becoming human in this distinctive way† (Downey). Thus the nature side of this example disp lays the environmentalRead More Serial Killers Essay2514 Words   |  11 Pageshuman nature and morality than the concept of a serial killer. What is different about the brains of these individuals whom our society finds unforgivable and unredeemable predators? Society might find a biological reason for such atrocities more comfortable than the prospects of good and evil or a mistake. This paper will catalogue and attempt to organize the current biological differences between our minds and that of a serial killer. Can Biology make us Murderers? Recent reports in scienceRead MoreControversies On Human Sociobiology By Edward Wilson1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time of Edward Wilson even to present day. With that said, it is clear, from his later works, that Wilson leaves room for other factors to determine our interactions with one another and even our destinies. To say that everything is left up to biology would be a mistake, even in the eyes of Edward Wilson. In his work, On Human Nature, he does elude to our genetic make up, our genes, as being responsible for the differences seen across populations, but he also suggests other influences that cause

Responsibilities And Performance

Question: Determine Own Responsibilities And Performance. Answer: It is very important for a student to understand his responsibilities in order to be successful in life. I would classify my responsibilities in the following 3 categories: Personal responsibility: It is important for complete a given task with honesty and integrity. A student should inculcate the habit of being punctual. A student should not lie or make excuses if he commits a mistake. Comply with the policies of the institute and follow the code of conduct laid down by the institute. Utilize the resources provided by the institute in the best possible way and should not indulge in any kind of wastage (Croucher, 2011). All the lectures and lab sessions should be attended by the student. He should not be absent without any valid reason. A student should not be involved in any kind of crime or unlawful activity like possession of illegal weapons or drugs. Students should make ethical behavior a part of their personality. It is very important to learn the difference between right and wrong. Students should exercise their right to vote and choose the deserving candidate (Clancy, 2007). Maintain a balance between academics and extra-curricular activities. He should have value for money and never spend money unnecessarily. Ability to learn and develop: A student should be attentive in a lecture and follow the instructions of the teacher. And he should score well in exams. There should be active participation in class activities, practical labs, seminars, debates, quizzes etc. Should be any part of a club or society like dance, music, theatre, personality development etc. This will help to develop skills apart from the academic skills (Andrews and Russell, 2012). Take each assignment very seriously. And the student should complete the assignment within the given deadline. Seek advice from seniors, professors and parents when in a state of doubt. Establishing and maintaining direct and indirect relationships: Respect the professors and seniors. Communicate with fellow students and juniors in a respectful manner. Should have good verbal and non-verbal communication skills. He should help others when required. It is very important for a person to understand the others person perspective and respect their opinion and understand the importance of teamwork (Clancy, 2007). A student should not indulge in discrimination or bias on the basis of color, race, gender, religion etc. It is very important for students to set objectives for themselves in order to make their life meaningful. The objectives should be SMART (Jung, 2007). S- Specific M-Measurable A-Attainable R-Realistic T-Timely Responsibility: Attendance Performance Objective: To achieve a minimum of 90% attendance in each subject for the duration of 1 month (Clancy, 2007). Responsibility: Value money Performance Objective: To bring down daily expenditure to 100 $ for 1 month. Responsibility: Academic scores Performance Objective: To score a minimum of 80% score in all assignments to be submitted in 1 month. Responsibility: Meet deadlines Performance Objective: To complete all assignments and presentations within the given deadline in 1 month along with maintaining the quality of work. Responsibility: Improve communication skills Performance Objective: Improve verbal and non-verbal communication skills and participate in 2 debate competitions in 1 month. Responsibility: Teamwork Performance Objective: Form a team of 5 people and prepare a presentation on the legal aspects of business in 15 days with the contribution of each team member. Motivation is an important factor in improving performance. According to Herzbergs theory of motivation, it is important to improve motivation and hygiene factors. Proper feedback should be given regarding performance indicators. The person should be appreciated when there is an improvement in performance indicator (Lauzier and Haccoun, 2014). For example, if there is an increase in average attendance from 75% to 80%, the person should be appreciated so that he feels valued. According to the Expectancy theory, people become motivated when they believe that they will get the desired reward if their objective is met. Thus to motivate a person, it is very important to give him the desired reward. For example, a movie ticket is given to a student if the average score is 90% in all his assignments. Student of the month certificate to a student if the average attendance is above 90% for 1 month (Lauzier and Haccoun, 2014). Three-dimensional theory of attribution suggests that proper feedback should be given. This will prevent them from assuming that their failure is due to some uncontrollable factor and their success is dependent on controllable factors. Recognition is an important tool for inspiring people (Miller, Biggart and Newton, 2013). For example, a student who scores an average of 95% in all the assignments is given the title of student of the month. Providing incentives is a good way of motivating people. The incentives can be financial like cash prize, food coupons, etc. or non-financial like appreciation. Performance measurement tools are used to measure the performance against set objectives. In industries, various tools like KPIs, performance appraisals (360-degree feedback, management by objective, forced distribution, performance ranking), dashboards, six sigma, benchmarking, rating scales, self-assessment, balanced scorecard are used for performance management. As per the performance dashboard for 4th July 2016 to 8th July 2016, the average attendance for all the subjects is 85% against the target of 90%. The average daily expenditure is 120$ against the target of 100$. The average score for all the submitted assignments is 75% against the target of 80%. 360 Feedback has been used to measure performance related to deadlines, communication skills, and teamwork. As per the feedback obtained from juniors, seniors, class fellows and professors, there is an improvement in communication skills and team work but deadlines have not been met for some assignment (Nielsen and Hohnen, 2014). As per the graphic rating method, on a scale of 1-5, communication skills have been rated as 4, teamwork has been rated as 4 and meeting deadlines has been rated as 3. 1 stands for poor and 5 stands for excellence. There is always a scope of improvement. Following are the recommendations to improve performance: Fostering teamwork- Teamwork can help us understand concepts in a better way. Group studies can help in improving academic scores. Continuous learning- We should keep on attending workshops, seminars and training sessions. For example, personality development workshops can help us improve communication skills and interpersonal skills. Time management- Time management is very important for completing the assignments within given deadlines (Nielsen and Hohnen, 2014). Recognize achievements- People should be recognized and appreciated if they achieve their desired objectives. Frequent feedback- Continuous feedbacks are required for improvement. Motivation in the form of incentives- Financial or non-financial incentives can be given to encourage people. Evaluate performance variance and conduct RCA- Difference between desired performance and actual performance gives variance. Root Cause Analysis should be done for not achieving the objectives (Cockburn, 2013). Be Able To Develop Interpersonal And Transferrable Skills Since there is a shortage of staff in the hotel, it is important to address the issue otherwise it may result in loss of revenue or have a negative impact on the services offered to customers. (A.1) Hello Kelly We are trying to hire new staff for our hotel. We do not have enough time to conduct the entire recruitment process and the turnover rate for certain departments are very high like housekeeping and security department. We seek help from your recruitment agency to hire new people. We have huge vacancies in the following department- housekeeping, security, and accounting. Job Description For Housekeeping Department Job title- Housekeeping agent The employee will have to work for 50-60 hours a week. Compensation will be given on the basis of a number of hours, i.e. 10 dollars an hour. There will be a probation period of 1 month (Haasler, 2013). The main functions are Responsibility for cleanliness of rooms and hotel building, provide a laundry facility to guests and maintain gardens of the hotel. Job Description For Security Department Job title: Security guard Employee will have to work for 60-70 hours a week (Dunlap, 1964) Compensation will be given on the basis of a number of hours, i.e. 12 dollars an hour. The main functions are the responsibility of security of hotel guests and employees, to keep a record of entry and exit of materials, fire extinguishing if a fire breaks in the hotel. Job Description For Accounting Department Job title: Accounting manager Qualification: Post graduate in financial and accounting management Compensation will be given on per month basis, i.e. 18000 dollars per month There will be a probation period of 3 months (Jackson, 2007). Job responsibilities are: Preparing a budget for hotel and allocating budget to each department, prepare a balance sheet and P/L statement, managing salaries, maintaining accounts for each department, etc. Regards Jessica Brown Memorandum TO: All Employees FROM: Jessica Brown DATE: 11th July 2016 SUBJECT: Current staffing problem at the hotel We are currently facing a shortage of staff at our hotel. This needs to be addressed on an immediate basis; otherwise it may lead to revenue loss and dissatisfaction of customers. I would like to invite the heads of the following departments for a meeting: front office, housekeeping, purchase and storage, food and beverage, engineering and maintenance, accounting and security. The meeting will be held on 12th July 2016 in the conference room on ground floor. The meeting is being held to discuss certain initiatives that the HR department is taking like hiring new employees, cross-functional training, retention of existing employees, job enlargement etc. Sincerely Jessica Brown (A.3) Jessica Brown George Street London United Kingdom 11th July 2016 Paul Patterson Chief Executive Hotel Platinum George Street London United Kingdom Dear Paul Patterson Im writing this letter to bring to your notice the current staffing issue, i.e. shortage of staff on our hotel. Im planning to then take the following steps in order to address this issue: Recruitment: Im coordinating with a recruitment agency for recruiting people for our hotel. Major vacancies are in the housekeeping, security, and maintenance department. Retention: It is very important to retain the existing employees to reduce employee turnover. In order to retain employees, we should motivate them and provide compensation to them (Bergman and Shubert, 2013). Enhance productivity: In order to enhance the productivity of existing employees, there should be training sessions- functional training and cross-functional training. This would help them to enhance their skills and acquire new skills. Training sessions would help to boost their confidence. Job enlargement: To compensate for the shortage of staff, we can use this job design technique. Since with job enlargement, there will be an increase in duties and responsibilities, they will be provided with improved compensations. Sincerely Jessica Brown HR Manager The requirement of staff has increased at our hotel over the past 1 month. Due to low staffing level, there is a dire need to adopt time management strategies in order to complete all the tasks smoothly. Setting priorities at work: It is very important to prioritize the tasks at hand. We should distinguish between important work and urgent work. The best way to manage time is to make a to-do list. After completing the list, rank the tasks in order of their priority. Use of a planning tool: A personal planning tool can be used to enhance productivity. We can use diaries, white board, sticky notes, calendars etc. to write down the tasks to be completed along with their schedule. It is important to review the planning tool on a daily basis. Tasks with the highest priority should be marked or highlighted (Venkateswarlu, 2012). Use of PDA: Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can be used to keep a record of all meetings and appointments (Bergman and Shubert, 2013). The technique of colour coding can be used to distinguish between business meetings and personal appointments. Tasks can be prioritized and deadlines can be assigned to each task. Work in an organized manner: It is very important to work in an organized way to get rid of clutter. Delete all the unwanted information from your desktop/laptop and diaries. All the files and documents should be stored in an organized way so that time is not wasted in sorting out information from files and documents. Delegate tasks to people who can handle them efficiently and have the appropriate skills to handle a task. Managing time schedules: It is important to determine the time when one is most productive and alert. At this time the person should take up challenging activities and complete them without any interruption. If a person has some free time while commuting, he can schedule small tasks like reading or writing a mail or reading a document. A person should manage time in such a way that he can create a balance between work life and professional life (Jonck and Minnaar, 2015). It is equally important to devote time to recreational activities like playing, reading, listening to music, etc. Poor time management can lead to frequent illness, fatigue, irritability, etc. Proper time management can help in reducing stress levels. Breakdown of task: It is always advisable to break a task into smaller tasks with specific and realistic deadlines. This will help in proper utilization of time. Manage external factor: There are external factors that may hamper time management and time scheduling like an unexpected phone call, unexpected visitors, sudden family obligation, etc. It is important to keep a check on these factors and stay away from factors that result in time wastage in order to stay focused (Jung, 2007). Understand The Dynamics Of Working With Others A team is a group of people who work toward a common goal in synergy. Belbin has listed the following nine team roles: Resource investigator: They explore new opportunities. Team worker Coordinate with other members to get the work done. They give more importance to team goals than personal goals. Co-coordinators: They are good at delegating work. Plant: They are good at problem solving and are extremely creative. Evaluator: Able to make logical and impartial judgments. Specialist: They have a vast knowledge of key areas (Venkateswarlu, 2012). Shaper: They are good at driving, motivating and giving direction to the team. Implementer Needs a well-developed plan and works according to it. Completer Makes extra efforts to meet deadlines and has high standards of quality. These 9 roles define the strengths that the team members should possess. Thus, on the basis of strengths required for the different role, we can allocate tasks to different team members. For example, according to the case study, Andrew is full of new ideas. Thus he can be asked to conceptualize an advertisement for the travel agency. Tuckmans four stage model group development states that the following 4 stages are involved in teamwork: Forming: Team members come together and are anxious to work with each other. Team leader plays an important role. People are polite to each other and avoid conflicts. Storming: Since everyone comes up with their own ideas and views, there is a conflict between team members. Norming: Team members start understanding each other and develop a cordial relationship. Team members start knowing others strengths and weaknesses. Roles and responsibilities become clear (Suneela, 2014). Performing: Team members perform and help each other to achieve team objectives. Group loyalty is high and energy levels are high. The entire focus is to achieve goals. According to the case study, the team led by Claire has gone through all the four stages during the task of creating leaflets. The team was successful in designing the leaflets. As a team leader, Claire understands her role of resolving conflicts. The Team leader has a very important role to play in the development of the team and for the team to be successful Stage 1- Claire should introduce the team members to each other because they are working together for the first time. Team members should be assigned tasks. Claire should define the objectives for the entire team. Stage 2- Claire should encourage brainstorming. It is her responsibility to resolve conflicts and motivate team members. Stage 3- Claire should delegate tasks to team members on the basis of their strengths and weaknesses. Stage 4- Claire should ensure that the team is moving in the right direction and focus on time management in order to achieve deadlines. According to Hackman, there are 5 factors that can make a team successful: Being a real team- Team leader should define objectives for the team. Every team member should be given clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Compelling direction- Team leader should define the direction of the team. He should motivate the team to achieve the desired goals. The goals should be challenging and achievable. Enabling structure: The structure of the team should be defined by the team leader. The team members should be talented and should have diverse skills. The size of the team should be moderate. Supportive context: There should be rewards and recognition on the basis of performance. The team leader should encourage and motivate the team members. Expert coaching: Team leader should always be ready to help his team members in terms of tasks or interpersonal skills. He should be a mentor to all the new team members and coach the members regarding processes and policies. Be Able To Develop Strategies For Problem-Solving The problem arises when there is a difference between the desired state and actual state. Problem: Holiday has gone wrong The expectations of Anthea and Carlo from the Shire Hotel were very high. But their expectations were not met. The facilities that they expected were not present in the deluxe room. Even housekeeping was not satisfactory. The front desk department was understaffed. Hotel operations need improvement (Bird, Gao and Yeung, 2016). Food choices were very few for a buffet. Thus the main problem is the selection of hotel for a holiday in New Zealand. Causes: With the help of fish bone diagram, following are the causes identified for the problem: Did not consult any travel agent The hotel was over advertised on the internet The couple for looking for an economical option Recommendations: While selecting a hotel for a holiday it is better to consult a travel agent because he is aware of the hotels and their charges. It is also advisable to consult someone who has been to New Zealand about the available hotels. It is not advisable to make choice of hotel on the basis of advertisements given on the internet because the hotels may be overrated on the internet. The advertisements can be viewed as a reference but we cannot build our expectations on the basis of what we see on the internet (Okey and Santiago, 2008). If there are any budget constraints, communicate it to the travel agent. He will recommend a hotel within the communicated budget. Strategy on the basis of 5-step process: Define the problem- Selection of hotel in New Zealand. Brainstorm ideas- Consult a travel agent who has knowledge of hotels available in different ranges; look for money saving deals and forget about facilities; make a choice on the basis of advertisement which may make false claims. Decide on a solution- It is best to consult a travel agent. Travel agents are reliable advisors. Implement the solution- Book a room in a hotel recommended by the agent. Review the result- Analyze whether the expectations have been met or not. Fishbone diagram and 5-Step process are two commonly used techniques for problem-solving. 5-STEP PROCESS As per this technique, there are 5 steps involved in solving a problem: Define the problem- This helps to identify areas of improvement and set objectives. Brainstorm ideas- A list of solutions is created. Decide on a solution- One solution is selected that will give best results and will have fewer side-effects (Nielsen and Hohnen, 2014). Implement the solution- The chosen solution is put into action. Review the results- The actual outcomes are compared with the desired outcomes to identify deviation. In practical life, problem solving becomes easy when we work in teams because in large organizations the problems are complex in nature. A person (A) may be good at generating ideas but not good at implementing them whereas the other person (B) may be good at execution but not creative enough to bring new ideas. Thus we can form a team where A will be given the responsibility of generating new ideas whereas B will be given the responsibility of executing them. Consumers use this technique while making purchase decisions. Fishbone Diagram It is also known as a cause-effect diagram. These diagrams are used for quality control in organizations. The problem statement is considered the effect. A horizontal arrow is made and the problem is written against the horizontal line. This resembles the spine and head of the fish (Yazdani and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, 2012) Brainstorming is done to identify all possible factors that affect the problem. For example, for service related problem, people, technology, procedures, and policies are selected as factors. All the identified factors are written against branches extending from the horizontal arrow. Now for each identified factor (in step-2), brainstorming is done to identify the causes of the problem. They are represented by horizontal lines extending from branches. Following was the impact of implementing the strategy decided on the basis of fish bone diagram and 5-step process: The couple consulted a travel agent and communicated the maximum budget they had set for the hotel i.e. 250 pounds a day (Yazdani and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, 2012). They travel agent gave them a list of 5 hotels that were available within the given budget. He shared the pictures of the hotels and also listed the facilities available in each hotel. Out of the 5 hotels, the couple selected Landscape Hotel. As per the facilities communicated by the travel agent, the room had a fridge, LCD, bath tub, and microwave. Once the couple reached their hotel, they received a warm welcome and the front desk staff was very cooperative. The room had everything that the travel agent had promised- food, ambiance, service etc. The couple had a good overall experience and thanked the travel agent for his guidance. References Andrews, G. and Russell, M. (2012). Employability skills development: strategy, evaluation and impact.HE, Skills Work-Based Lrng, 2(1), pp.33-44. Bergman, C. and Shubert, L. (2013). Interactive Strategies.Nurse Educator, 38(4), pp.137-138. Bird, R., Gao, X. and Yeung, D. (2016). Time-series and cross-sectional momentum strategies under alternative implementation strategies.Australian Journal of Management. Clancy, C. (2007). The Performance of Performance Measurement.Health Services Research, 42(5), pp.1797-1801. Cockburn, T. (2013). Authors of their own lives? Children, Contracts, their Responsibilities, Rights and Citizenship.The International Journal of Children's Rights, 21(2), pp.372-384. Croucher, R. (2011). Encouraging And Monitoring Performance: Responsibilities And Techniques.Journal of College Teaching Learning (TLC), 2(12). Dunlap, J. (1964). A school psychologist views his own responsibilities.Psychol. Schs., 1(1), pp.17-19. Haasler, S. (2013). Employability skills and the notion of self.International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.233-243. Jackson, T. (2007). Develop your interpersonal and self management skills Karen Stainsby Develop your interpersonal and self management skills Radcliffe Publishing 21.95 152 1 84619 107 7 1846191077.Cancer Nursing Practice, 6(6), pp.17-17. Jonck, P. and Minnaar, R. (2015). Validating an Employer Graduate-Employability Skills Questionnaire in the Faculty of Management Sciences.MJSS. Jung, L. (2007). Writing SMART Objectives and Strategies That Fit the ROUTINE.TEACHING Exceptional Children, 39(4), pp.54-58. Lauzier, M. and Haccoun, R. (2014). The Interactive Effect of Modeling Strategies and Goal Orientations on Affective, Motivational, and Behavioral Training Outcomes.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 27(2), pp.83-102. Miller, L., Biggart, A. and Newton, B. (2013). Basic and employability skills.International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Nielsen, K. and Hohnen, P. (2014). Introduction: How do we Understand Working Environment Policies, Programmes and Instruments?.Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 4(3), p.1. Okey, J. and Santiago, R. (2008). Integrating Instructional and Motivational Design.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 4(2), pp.11-21. Suneela, E. (2014). Soft Skills are Employability Skills; With Special Reference to Communication Skills.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(8), pp.59-61. Venkateswarlu, K. (2012). A Review on Employability Skills.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(5), pp.32-34. Yazdani, A. and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2012). Integration of the fish bone diagram, brainstorming, and AHP method for problem solving and decision makinga case study.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 63(5-8), pp.651-657.

Acid Rain Has a Major Affect on Life in Shanghai Essay Example

Acid Rain Has a Major Affect on Life in Shanghai Paper Acid rain is any type of precipitation that has high acid content. This precipitation can be wet (rain, snow, or fog) or dry (gases or acidic salts). Normal rain is slightly acidic with pH 6. 5 but we call it acid rain when it is pH is between 2 and 5. 5. It is formed by chemicals created by the burning of fossil fuels, power plants, factories and auto mobiles. These chemicals are sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide. Sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide react with water in the atmosphere and eventually fall back to earth’s surface as an acid deposition. Shanghai is a city which is located on eastern coast of China. It is a strong commercial and industrial base city in China. Most of industries in Shanghai use 80 percent of electricity and 70 percent its total energy from burning of high sulphur coal. Coal is the main source of air pollution in Shanghai as well as most of other cities in China. The air pollution in Shanghai is sometimes terrible that air ports are shut down because of poor visibility. Nitrogen oxide is mainly released by power plants and automobiles in Shanghai. The high coal fuel consumption from urbanization and industrialization and the rapid increase of vehicles from motorization resulted in the high emission of sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide in Shanghai. The annual mean pH value of rain in Shanghai is 4. 4 and the frequency of acid rain is 71 percent. Acid rain in Shanghai with high sulphur and nitrogen contaminates all water bodies there will lead to water pollution. The high nitrogen in water increase the growth of blue green algae, will pollute whole water body will prevent using water for drinking, cleaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Rain Has a Major Affect on Life in Shanghai specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Rain Has a Major Affect on Life in Shanghai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Rain Has a Major Affect on Life in Shanghai specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also it changes the aquatic ecosystem. Acid rain is very toxic to species in water which can reduce the fish population and could eliminate all fish species form water body and decrease biodiversity. In addition, it may cause constant stress that may not kill individual fish, but will lead to lower body weight and makes fish less able to compete for food and habitat. Natural vegetation and crops are also affected by acid rain in Shanghai. Trees are an extremely important natural resources. They provide timber, regulate local climate and forest are homes for wildlife. The plants can absorb toxic chemicals from acid rain by direct contact with water or from soil. When acid rain is absorbed by the soil the acid empties the soil from important nutrients that plants need to survive. Without these nutrients the trees are more vulnerable to infections and damage cause by extreme climate. This will make plants and trees suffer from stunted growth, damage bark, loss of leaves will ultimate lead to rapid reduction of vegetation in Shanghai. Acid rain allows aluminum to soak into the soil. If the amount of aluminum in the soil is high the trees wouldn’t be able to collect water from the ground. Acid rain damages outer coat of the leaf and when the coat finally wears down the acid makes its way in to the tree which prevents photosynthesis from taking place. Since photosynthesis makes food for the plant without it the plants will eventually die. According to the research report of Shanghai Agriculture and Forestry Bureau, 2004, the area around Shanghai was rich in biodiversity. In the present, there is considerable loss of biodiversity and found decline in native species and an increase in number of alien species. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause serious problem to human health such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose, and throat irritations. Acid rain affects the human respiratory system and cause liver problems. Human skin has an oily coating which protects from bacteria and keeps the skin moist. Acid rain breakdown that oily protective coat which give us a result of dry skin and bacterial infection. Also the final effect on humans is to drinking water. As the content of our water becomes more acidic, it can react with lead and copper water pipes, which eventually contaminate water. Too much copper in drinking water also causes kidney damage as well as liver damage. An indirect effect of acid is the precipitation on human is that the toxic metals dissolves in the water are absorbed in fruits, vegetables and in the tissues of animals. Although these toxics metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious effects on humans and they are being consumed. As an example, mercury that accumulate in the organs and tissues of the animals has been linked with brain damage in children as well as nerve disorders, brain damage and Alzheimer’s disease. The harm to people from acid rain is not direct as for plants, animals, air, soil and water. Acid rain can be absorbed by both plants and animals through direct contact or from water or soil. When people eat these plants or animals, the toxins inside of their meals can affect them and cause problem in human health. According to the world health organization reports around 300,000 people die per year in China due to out door and indoor air pollution mainly due to high sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide and another particulate matter. A study of visibility, air quality and daily mortality in Shanghai in 2009 has showed decrease visibility and high air pollution in Shanghai significantly increased death due to cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Conclusion Acid rain forms in Shanghai mainly due to air pollution by industries and automobiles. It causes severe affect on Shanghai life. By educating shanghai public about the affect of acid rain, the damage caused by acid rain to the public will be reduced. However to minimize the damage on plants, soil and water, the air pollution of Shanghai should be reduced. BIBLIOGRAPHY Acid Rain Facts, Acid Rain Information, Acid Rain Pictures, Acid Rain Effects National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living National Geographic. National Geographic. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. . / Acid Rain How Is Acid Rain Formed? Learn More Our Changing Planet UMAC. UMAC Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. . Huang, K. , G. Zhuang, C. Xu, Y. Wang, and A. Tang. The Chemistry of the Severe Acidic Precipitation in Shanghai, China. Atmospheric Research 89. 1-2 (2008): 149-60. Print. Zhao, Shuqing, Liangjun Da, Zhiyao Tang, Hejun Fang, Kun Song, and Jingyun Fang. Ecological Consequences of Rapid Urban Expansion: Shanghai,

Free Essays on North And South

Throughout the Civil War captured soldiers would be sent to the opposing side’s prison camps. The most dreaded prison camp was Andersonville also know as Camp Sumter. Just saying the name of this Confederate prison brought cringes to the stomachs of the Union soldiers. Andersonville had a harsh approach to treating the captured; they would starve them for days, make them walk around naked, and even make them drink water that had been contaminated with their own waste. Andersonville was the harshest prison throughout the civil war and the way they treated prisoners was unlawful and unjustifiable. As you read through this paper ask yourself if the way these prisoners were treated was cruel and unusual. The definition of Cruel and Unusual Punishment is this, punishment that is offensive to the contemporary morality or jurisprudence (as by being degrading, inflicting unnecessary and intentional pain, or being disproportionate to the offense). As you read through, put yourself in the prisoner’s shoes. Is what being done to them against the law? Is it right to starve thousands of men just because they were fighting for the freedom of slaves? Keep these questions in mind as you read through this paper. The way that guards treated the inmates was disgusting to say the least. When the men first went into the prison camps they were stripped of all their clothes and belongings. After the prisoner was sent into the camp the only way to get clothing was to go find someone who had died and take the clothes right off his back. It may not seem important, but clothing is a necessity in the southern climate. It not only protects the skin from the sun but during the night it keeps a person warm. To not provide proper clothing for the inmates is inhumane and cruel and unusual punishment. To take the clothing off a man’s back is cruel punishment. There is no need to take away the clothing of prisoners; it serves no purpose to have ... Free Essays on North And South Free Essays on North And South Throughout the Civil War captured soldiers would be sent to the opposing side’s prison camps. The most dreaded prison camp was Andersonville also know as Camp Sumter. Just saying the name of this Confederate prison brought cringes to the stomachs of the Union soldiers. Andersonville had a harsh approach to treating the captured; they would starve them for days, make them walk around naked, and even make them drink water that had been contaminated with their own waste. Andersonville was the harshest prison throughout the civil war and the way they treated prisoners was unlawful and unjustifiable. As you read through this paper ask yourself if the way these prisoners were treated was cruel and unusual. The definition of Cruel and Unusual Punishment is this, punishment that is offensive to the contemporary morality or jurisprudence (as by being degrading, inflicting unnecessary and intentional pain, or being disproportionate to the offense). As you read through, put yourself in the prisoner’s shoes. Is what being done to them against the law? Is it right to starve thousands of men just because they were fighting for the freedom of slaves? Keep these questions in mind as you read through this paper. The way that guards treated the inmates was disgusting to say the least. When the men first went into the prison camps they were stripped of all their clothes and belongings. After the prisoner was sent into the camp the only way to get clothing was to go find someone who had died and take the clothes right off his back. It may not seem important, but clothing is a necessity in the southern climate. It not only protects the skin from the sun but during the night it keeps a person warm. To not provide proper clothing for the inmates is inhumane and cruel and unusual punishment. To take the clothing off a man’s back is cruel punishment. There is no need to take away the clothing of prisoners; it serves no purpose to have ...

Professional Practice Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Professional Practice Activity - Essay Example This essay describes some of the advantages of using medical acronyms are, first, it could save time and effort for all health care professional, especially if there are many patients that needs to attend. In addition, abbreviations are commonly used in medical records to save time and space when writing medical information in a patient's medical record, file or for prescriptions. Many medical conditions and drugs have long complicated names that would take time to completely write on a patient's chart or script if abbreviations were not used.How could Jane's medical records be affected by mistakes? The health record of Jane Dare, I can conclude that Dare’s documents can really affected by some errors in abbreviations. For example, MOM which stands for Milk of Magnesia, for some who first encounter this acronym they would think that it is not a form of medication. Another one is NAS, No Added Salt which in the first I read it, I did not think that it is a form of diet for pati ent who had CHF Congestive Heart Failure. The three most common types of abbreviation-related errors were prescribing, improper dose/quantity, and incorrectly prepared medication. The most common abbreviation resulting in a medication error was the use of "qd" in place of "once daily† and "U" for units, "cc" for mL, "MSO4" or "MS" for morphine sulfate, and decimal errors. These are all part of health record of Jane Dare, that’s why Jane’s record will be affected of mistakes.

Civil Rights Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example As the essay stresses long before Brown, however, and long before Marshall would sit on the Supreme Court, in 1930; Marshall applied to the University of Maryland Law School. Because Marshall was black, his application to the law school was rejected. Marshall was accepted into Howard University’s law school, which was and continues to be one of the finest institutions of higher education serving a student body of mostly African Americans. It’s easy to understand the passion with which Marshall must have pursued his victory in Brown v. Board of Topeka. This paper declares that Brown v. Board opened the door to African Americans seeking admissions into what had traditionally been white schools and colleges. It was a long road, but sweeping changes began taking place throughout the south. Arkansas, in 1957 saw its National Guard force federalized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in order to prevent the state’s, Governor Orval Faubus, from utilizing the Guard to prevent black students from entering white schools. In 1962, the University of Mississippi was mandated by a federal court to admit its first black student, James Meredith. Meredith, having accumulated credit from another university prior to his admission, graduated from the University of Mississippi the following year. Having delivered the Court’s decision in 1954, Chief Justice Warren read, â€Å"We conclude that, in the field of education, ‘separate but equal’ has no place’.

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay

What Affects Tropical Cyclones Environmental Sciences Essay What are tropical cyclones? A tropical cyclone is the main term used for a low pressure system which gets its energy mainly from evaporation from the sea and condenses in clouds concentrated near its centre (Holland, 1993). Tropical cyclones occur in tropical latitudes. The central area of the tropical cyclone is called the eye of the storm; this is the area of the lowest pressure. The eye is encircled by dense cloud (cyclone walls) which rotates. The walls are less dense as you move out from the eye as the wind gradually weakens down (Nalivkin, 1983). Tropical cyclones have three different names that are defined by their wind speed; a tropical depression is a storm with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 17m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ but still has a circulation (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). A tropical storm is a storm with winds of at least 17 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ and peak speeds of 32 m s  ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Hurricanes or Typhoons (the regional names for strong tropical cyclones) are when winds reach above 32 m s ¯Ã‚ ¹ (Wallace and Hobbs 2006: Landsea, 2006). Tropical cyclones form in ocean basins around the world; these are the North Atlantic Ocean, Northeast Pacific Ocean, North-western Pacific Ocean, North Indian Ocean, South- West Indian Ocean, Australian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean (Aguado and Burt, 2007).This study concentrates on the North Atlantic basin. The tropical cyclone season is from 1st June to 30th November in the Atlantic basin (NOAA, 2007). 1.2.2 What do tropical cyclones need to form? Tropical cyclones need certain conditions to form. They need a deep surface layer and sea surface temperatures above 26.5 °C (81 °F) (Goldenberg, et al, 2001: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). They need a disturbance near the surface with adequate amounts of spin to start the formation and an atmosphere that is unstable so that it encourages thunderstorm activity. Low vertical wind shear is needed since wind shear can disrupt the organisation of thunderstorms. If the wind shear is too high, it can cause the cyclone to dissipate (Gray 1968: Wallace and Hobbs, 2006). Tropical cyclones also wont form if the disturbance is too close to the equator. Tropical cyclones need enough coriolis force to maintain the low pressure in their centre, the coriolis is not strong enough to do this near the equator and for this reason tropical cyclones do not form between 0 °W and 5 °W latitude (Wallace and Hobbs, 2006: Aguado and Burt, 2007). All these conditions are generally nee ded for a tropical cyclone to form, but even if the conditions are met, it does not mean a tropical cyclone will form every time (Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, 2013). North Atlantic tropical cyclones vary from other basins in the way they form as a high percentage of cyclones form from tropical waves that move across from West Africa (Landsea, 1993). Most major hurricanes form from African waves especially in the area between 10 ° and 20 ° North (Goldenberg, 2001). This area 10 ° and 20 ° North was termed the main development region by (Goldenberg, 2001). The number of easterly waves remains relatively constant from one year to the next, but the amount that develop into tropical cyclones varies greatly due to other factors (Frank, 1975). 1.2.3 What affects tropical cyclones? Many different atmospheric factors affect tropical cyclones; the main ones are listed below: Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs): SSTs are one of the main factors that affects whether a tropical cyclone forms. Since heat from oceans are the primary energy source for a tropical cyclone, the theory is that if sea surface temperatures were to increase, so too would the number and intensity of tropical cyclones (Goldenberg, et al, 2001). However, this has not been proven by using historical data or models. The research conclusions are mixed with no definitive answer; some studies show that SSTs are increasing intensity of cyclones (Emanuel, 2005), whilst others are coming to the conclusion that the increase in tropical cyclone frequency is due to rising SSTs (Holland and Webster, 2007: Mann and Emanuel, 2006). Some research even points to a decrease in frequency under global warming (Knutson et al 2008). Overall no research has shown conclusively an increase in the frequency or intensity due to rising SSTs and there are many mixed views on the subject. ENSO: ENSO is very important for tropical storm development and depending on what stage it is in can either cause formation or hinder it. Trenberth (1997) gives a good definition of El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a. El Nià ±os effect on tropical cyclones has been well documented and there is a lot of literature on the topic available. It is agreed that El Nià ±o supresses Atlantic hurricane activity (Gray, 1984). During El Nià ±o years there are fewer tropical cyclones and weaker intense storms (Chu, 2004). El Nià ±o years were found to have fewer hurricane days then non El Nià ±o years (Gray 1984: Landsea et al, 1999). La Nià ±a has the opposite effect on tropical cyclones by creating favourable conditions for the development of tropical cyclones (Pielke and Landsea 1999). During El Nià ±o, Pielke and Landsea (1999) found that there are more economical losses during a La Nià ±a year then an El Nià ±o year, this fits in with Atlantic tropical cyclone activity being supressed during El Nià ±o. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO): This is a pattern of sea surface temperatures which has warm and cold phases, a 25-40 year cycle (Aguado and Burt 2007). The AMO then affects tropical cyclones due to the change in sea surface temperatures. The AMO has been thought to affect the activity of tropical cyclones in the past with the active year of 1995 coinciding with a shift in the AMO (Aguado and Burt 2007). Goldenberg et al (2001) indicates that the Atlantic Multidecadal variation would have a greater impact on tropical cyclones sooner than the warming of SSTs. This is because global warming will only gradually create higher SSTs. If the rise of SSTs due to global warming were to coincide with a change to a warm phase in the AMO there could be a large impact on tropical cyclones. Wind shear: Wind shear is horizontal wind between the upper and lower troposphere. It inhibits tropical cyclones by stopping organisation of deep convection in the atmosphere, which prevents the organisation of cloud walls (Goldenberg et al, 2001). Wind shear has a big impact on hurricane frequency and intensity (Aiyyer and Thorncroft, 2006). Goldenberg and Shapiro (1996) came to the conclusion that wind shear was the most important environmental factor effecting tropical cyclones since it decreases the chances of cyclones forming and can dissipate them when they have already formed. Overall, though all of the above factors interlink, for example an increase in SSTs could create an increase in wind shear (Vecchi and Soden, 2007). The above factors that affect tropical cyclones are complex and the knowledge is uncertain. (Emanuel, 2005: Landsea, 2010) argue that there can be no strong conclusion made on research using past data due to the uncertainty of accurate records. Until a good overall understanding is gained no conclusions can be made on what has happened and what will happen to tropical cyclones, one of the ways to gain this is to look at where they have formed and why and what effected past tracks, leaving room for error in the data. Tropical cyclone tracks Tropical cyclone tracks in the North Atlantic are variable. There are no defined paths, but there are rough patterns cyclones will follow, depending on meteorological and oceanographic factors. Cyclones will generally move straight West or East and then may move north to hit land. Some recurve (go West then East). These cyclones are generally known to form by the Cape Verde Islands and will recurve around the periphery of the subtropical cell (Reading, 1990). These are known to form the deadliest hurricanes. The cyclones as well are known to form in different areas at different times of the hurricane season (Reading, 1990) this then effects the tracks too. Early in the season they form more on the Western side of the Atlantic (Reading, 1990: Willet and Sanders, 1959). They then form throughout most of the basin in the middle of the season and by the end of season most of the cyclones form in the West of the Atlantic basin (Willet and Sanders, 1959). Changes in intensity, frequency and tracks Webster et al, (2005) found a small percentage increase in the number and proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 and 5 in the North Atlantic, but no increase in the intensity of the strongest hurricanes. Overall Webster (2005) found no global trend for increasing SSTs and number of tropical storms/ hurricanes, but found a global decrease in tropical cyclone days since 1995 to 2004 after a peak in 1995. Webster (2005) concludes that their data points to a 30 year increase in more frequent and intense hurricanes. This links in with Bender et al, (2010) model that found the frequency of intense hurricanes should increase, but the number of hurricanes will decrease in a warmer world due to global warming. Vecchi and Knutson (2008) found that Atlantic tropical cyclone counts may have increased since the 19th century but with an average decrease in tropical cyclone duration over time. On the other hand Emanuel (2005) found that the duration of storms in the North Atlantic had increased since 1949 but he warns this may be due to changes in reporting practices. Overall the research gives very mixed results. There is little work done on whether with climate change there will be changes in tracks (Walsh, 2004). Work that has been done varies in the results. Most of the results show little change in tracks, under simulations of enhanced greenhouse conditions and warmer SSTs (Knutson and Tuleya 1999, Tsutsui 2002). This research concentrated on the Pacific, and mainly in the North. This then does not give a picture of what may happen in other basins such as the North Atlantic. The research done has mainly used models to simulate tropical cyclone tracks, with more data every year data analysis and statistical methods could be used better to analyse past tracks. (Walsh and Reading, 1991: Vecchi and Knutson, 2008) have suggested that in the North Atlantic basin there has been a shift in the position of tropical cyclones to the east of the basin using data analysis but did point to possible changes due to better data collection methods. Wang and Chan (2002) concentrate on tropical cyclone tracks in the North Pacific and demonstrated mainly how El Nià ±o affects the tracks due to changes in El Nià ±o. This then shows that El Nià ±o has this affect in the North Pacific but has not been shown to have an impact on tracks in the North Atlantic or other basins. 1.2.4 What the future holds Due to the theory of climate change there have been many ideas about how tropical cyclones will react, research using statistics has created many climatic models of tracks and what could happen. Quite a few conclusions have been drawn due to the idea of increasing sea surface temperatures, which could cause increases in frequency and intensity of storms but no firm evidence has yet been found due to uncertainties in the data and the number of parameters which could also affect tropical cyclones. Further uncertainties with how the climate will change mean no conclusions have been made yet for future predictions. Overall there is no agreement on what will happen to tropical cyclones in a warmer climate (Villarini et al., 2011). Looking at past data has issues due to the inaccuracies that might have occurred before the satellite era. Landsea et al (2010) discusses this issue and found that the occurrence of short lived storms has increased over the last century but medium and intense storms havent. He concludes that this is most likely due to better equipment picking up storms, as well as storms being identified as cyclones when in the past they wouldnt have been. 1.2.5 Why is the research being done, how is it different from other research Research into tropical cyclones is important due to the impacts cyclones have on the human and natural world. Most research has focused on frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. Not much work has been previously done on tracks, or the starting points of tropical cyclones. This research looks into where storms form throughout the North Atlantic basin and if this has changed in the basin over time, as well as focusing on recurving cyclones. Wang and Chan (2002) did look at tracks and formation in the Pacific, but one of the issues with the North Pacific was that the record is quite short. The North Atlantic has the longest reliable record (Goldenberg, et al, 2001) and will be examined in this study.

Glass Menagerie :: essays research papers

The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Glass Menagerie, written in 1945 by Tennessee Williams, remains today as a great literary masterpiece. Williams gave unimaginable depth and uniqueness to each of his characters. Even though the play was written in the mid-forties it is timeless, in that the problems and troubles of the characters can be related to life today, more than 50 years later. The Glass Menagerie is a great play with a central theme of escape and many symbols to support this theme. In the following I will give a brief summary and discuss the theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Glass Menagerie begins with Tom introducing the play as a memory, his own memory of the past. At the start of the play the Wingfield family is eating dinner, after constant harassment on how to eat his food Tom leaves the table to go smoke a cigarette on the fire escape. Amanda tells Laura her story of the old days when she received seventeen gentlemen callers in one day. The next day Amanda finds out that Laura has dropped out of business school, and confronts her, Laura explains that she could not handle the class and has been out walking every day. Amanda sits down with Laura and asks if “she ever liked a boy';?, Laura points to a picture in her yearbook. Later that evening Amanda and Tom argue, she does not understand why Tom goes to the movies every night. Tom states that he hates working for the family as he has been doing and leaves for the movies. He returns late that night drunk and after losing his key Laura opens the door for him. Tom tells he r about the movie and of the magic show he had seen, giving her a scarf from the show.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next morning Amanda wakes Tom for work and asks him to bring home a gentlemen caller for Laura. Tom came home from work and announced that he had invited Jim O`connor to dinner the next day. When Jim comes for dinner Laura recognizes him as the one she pointed out in the yearbook. Laura becomes sick and must excuse herself from the dinner table. After dinner Amanda tells Jim to keep Laura company in the parlor, at first Laura is scared but loosens up after some conversation. Jim ends up kissing Laura and regretting it after he announces that he is engaged. Amanda becomes angry with Tom for not telling of the engagement, Tom insists he did not know.

The Strengths and Weakness of the key Methods of concepts of Usability

The method used in any form of media analysis is crucial to the outcome of the particular piece of research. This can be applied to any scientifically based source of analysis. This also includes the social sciences. In relation to the study of computer systems, this also applies as computer systems are ultimately utilised by human agents. This has meant that the human-computer interaction inherent to computer systems are now undeniably twinned with the social sciences and humanities. Therefore, the relationship between methodologies and outcomes also applies to any analysis based upon computer use and development.For this essay, the particular concept based upon human-computer interfacing to be scrutinised was that of usability. Like most other concepts in the human sciences, the concept of usability has its own particular methodological components and tools. The particular methodological tools relating to usability chosen for this analysis were the qualitative measurements used in focus groups, interview techniques and the concept of usability itself. As usability is essentially a cognitively focused concept then the data used in the analysis of usability is primarily qualitative.This means that to measure usability, feedback is usually qualified in terms of empirical rather than positivist data as it is based upon experience. This is why the empirical methods of the focus group and interview technique that pertain to the social sciences are used and were to be addressed in this essay. The main conceptual components of usability were outlined by its forefather Jacob Neilson, who stated that a heuristic analysis of interactive experiences could be judged on the basis of their success to ascertain as to whether a computer system was good or bad.This means that we must first of all look at the strengths and weaknesses of usability before we critique them. However, we must also identify the components before we begin the analysis. As we have already suggested, us ability is not a quantitative term relating to any fixed data outcome. This means that to identify the key conceptual components in the analysis of usability, we must clearly define what they are. Further, Neilson also states that the key components of usability are essential to any analysis.It is from this overview of the concept of usability that we will turn to an analysis highlighting its strengths and weaknesses in methodological approach. The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Key Methods and Concepts of Usability It is clear that there is a relationship between computer systems and the construction of human social systems. The computer is become an essential component in advanced technological cultures. In many ways it has become the dominant tool of communication now that it has implemented the formerly distinct mediums of television and text.In relation to the computer as a social medium, it is its interactive nature that separates it from other mediums. This can be seen as be ing realised as early as the 1970s, in an age before interactive communication had actualised. For example, the notion of the hypertext put forward by seminal thinker and post modern philosopher Jean Baudrillard highlights the way in which interactivity constructs not only social relations with each other, but also the sensual relationship that we have individually with the computer interface.In one crucial extract, Baudrillard states that the relationship with the interface is one: ‘Based on contact, a sensory mimicry and a tactile mysticism, basically ecology in its entirety, comes to be grafted on to this universe of operational simulation, multi-stimulation and multi response. ’ (Baudrillard, 1976, p. 9) It is from the realisation in the extract that contemporary theorists and experts in the field of human-computer relations have developed the concept of usability.This is essentially the yardstick by which the connectivity between the computer system and human cogni tive functioning can be devised and then measured in terms of its success. In essence, it is part of the interactive feedback produced by the human through their experience that determines whether the interactive process in any particular experience is successful or not. This measurement can therefore be referred to as its usability. Basing his approach on this philosophical realisation, Jacob Neilson devised a way in which this interactive process could be qualitatively measured.This includes the methodologies associated with empirically based social science, including focus groups and interview techniques. To utilise these factors in the potential success, or successful construction of web design, Neilson outlined ten primary factors. These were developed as part of a heuristic system. These factors include: ‘1. Visibility of system status, 2. Match between system and the real world, 3. User control and freedom, 4. Consistency and standards, 5. Error prevention, 6. Recogniti on rather than recall, 7.Flexibility and efficiency of use, 8. Aesthetic and minimalist design, 9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors, 10. Help and documentation’ (Neilson, 1994) By developing a system based upon these key factors, Neilson created a rigid conceptual model for successful user-face design, implementing the functional principles of human contact with the computer interface. This heuristic formulation has had success in both developing web design and measuring the interactivity of the design.For instance, it‘s methodology has been found to be able to identify ‘major usability problems’ (CHFCS, 1992). Further, by implementing this measuring tool based upon empirical feedback, such as in the case of the focus group and interview technique, the success of identifying and treating any problems in the functioning of a problematic web site have a ‘higher probability of being found in a heuristic evaluation’ (CHFCS, 1 992). The strength of using such methodologies is that they arrive at experience driven results that indicate problems relating to cognition.Further, this allows the problems associated with web design to be identified in relation to usability when utilised in terms of feedback. Essentially, the qualitative data can be measured in relation to the themes indicated by Neilson that have a known cognitive effect in the experience of interaction. This is further exemplified in the rationale on Neilson’s own web site devoted to the heuristic analysis of computer systems. The site follows the principles of the design, whilst explaining the way in which to utilise the principles of usability.The extent to which Neilson demonstrates the use of these principles and validates the evidence that can be used is revealed in a number of examples that have achieved success through usability. This is highlighted in the extract which states that: ‘Rapid Application Development (RAD) proce sses such as Agile, Scrum, and the like, simultaneously pose an opportunity and a threat to achieving a quality user experience. It all depends on how it's handled. The standard methodologies as described in books don't work in practice, if you care about the usability of your products.But small modifications work wonders’ (Useit. com, 2009) This notion of adaptability is another strength of the methodology as it recognises the need for human feedback in a thematic and conceptual format. Furthermore, it reveals the diverse nature in which feedback can be drawn before being applied to the core conditions laid out in the heuristic principles. Rather than using quantitative data or rigid data referring to hypotheses, the data is given in a thematic sense highlighting the individual’s experience with the site and the cognitive problems that may have occurred in the process.The key heuristic principles then allow for problem identification and adjustments made in a bid to e nhance the experience of usability. In essence, the measurements are set for a versatile analysis of computer systems in relation to interactivity. This can utilise a wide range of empirical and qualitative methodologies. However, the methodologies will not simply address the likes and dislikes of the individuals, but also relate their experience to the cognitive disparity between human and computer.Contrastingly, the weaknesses in this approach and its methodologies can be seen in a return to the philosophical underpinnings of usability and the significance of the immersive experience. Rather than there being any problem with the methodologies used in relation to the heuristic principles, it is in the conceptual basis of usability itself that we see the greatest amount of criticism being applied. This is primarily because the notion of usability is founded upon one key principle indicated by Baudrillard at the rejection of the other.Essentially, although Neilson outlines interactiv ity and marries this to the concept of human cognition with a degree of success, it is conceptually focused upon functioning. That is to say, that the immersion of the user experience is only measured in terms of how the interface functions and its success in that outcome. Further, this success is only relative to the user’s cognitive functioning. By basing his principles and outcomes on cognitive functioning, he denies any aesthetic or intellectual action made by the user in relation to the experience.For example, the lack of aesthetic design can be evidenced in relation to his own web site. This is because it takes a functional approach at the expense of any aesthetic. However, the aesthetic experience to functioning can not be overlooked in the experience of the user. The irony here is that while Neilson may be dismissing aesthetics in his design, his consumers i. e. the users of his site are nevertheless subject to an aesthetic experience. While being functional in terms of usability, the site is aesthetically detrimental to the experience of the user.In this sense, it would appear that Neilson is simply rejecting the role and significance of aesthetic experience from the experience of interfacing. The other major criticism of usability and the methodologies that it utilises is in relation to the extent of interactivity that the heuristic principles allow for. Essentially, with such a simple form of processing information, then the role of interactivity is lost in the experience. That is to say that the computer system is simply conforming to the will of the user rather than engaging with them.This denies the validity of the interactive process to some degree in terms of immersion. For example, Sherry Tuckle denotes the significance of interactivity in the construct of the self. Essentially, she suggests that the chances of immersion within the web site are better increased by a degree of socialised feedback that can be sensually registered in terms of another intelligent entity, rather than coded responses (Turkle, 1997). The suggestion here is that the more diverse the computer can respond in terms of immediate sensual feedback, the greater the chances of immersion become.In relation to designs based upon a purely functioning information source, the experience becomes that of an entity wishing to ascertain information as if the computer itself. This is quite a contrast to the actual human experience that is found in the process of interaction. With this notion of seeking information we can see another criticism. Rather than being subject to the experience of a user world based upon multi-stimulus, the user is driven by a purpose to collect information through a cognitively mutual function.While this perhaps serves well as the provision of a service based upon receiving or extracting information, it denies the process of immersion and interactivity that may instil or insight a relationship between the user and the web site. T his oversight is highlighted well in Neilson’s claims that ‘evolution did not intend humans to navigate in 3D space’ (Molich & Neilson, 1990). What is indicative of oversight in this idea is that humans already inhabit a 3D space in the real world. Essentially, the notion of the interactive experience is one that negates the actual experience.This means that the experiences being utilised by the methodologies are overlooked and reinterpreted to arrive at the web sites success in providing a service based upon function. This emphasises Neilson’s dualistic belief that there is a cyber-reality based upon function and a real-reality that bears no relation. This is contradictory in that it goes against the principles of hyper-reality outlined by Baudrillard and many other theorists and critics who highlight the way in which computer systems interact to create a virtual world based upon our own real world.Conclusion We can see from this essay that Neilsonâ€℠¢s notion of usability is immensely significant in relation to the computer medium and how it is used. It has a good and practical methodological component borrowed from the social sciences, based upon the cognitive relationship between humans and computers. It is a good approach that utilises experience and addresses the cognitive relationship between user and web site. However, at a more intricate level, it rejects the aesthetic experience from the design that constitutes much of the potential for immersion.In this, it rejects or denies the very essence of any engaged human experience and replaces it with outcomes. Further, it supports the notion of a dualism between that of user reality and actual reality, which denies any notion of virtual reality. Essentially, the experience of the interactive process is supported by usability in its utilisation of the methodologies of the social sciences, yet denies it in its reduction of the user experience to that of a static functionally di rected process based upon stimulus and response.Although it has borrowed from Baudrillard and hypertext to great effect, it has negated the principles of a multi-faceted aesthetic activity and denied much of the sensual and tactile experience that immersion involves. Bibliography Baudrillard, J. , (1976) Symbolic Exchange and Death Taken from: The Order of Simulacra (1993) London: Sage. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. , (1992) Finding usability problems through heuristic evaluation Monterey, California, United States, p.373 – 380 Molich, R, & Nielsen, J. , (1990) Improving a human-computer dialogue, Communications of the ACM, v. 33 n. 3, p. 338-348 Nielsen, J. (1994). Heuristic evaluation. In Nielsen, J. , and Mack, R. L. (Eds. ), Usability Inspection Methods, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Turkle, S. , (1994) Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDs. † Mind, Culture, and Activity: An International Journal 1, no. 3 : 158-167. Useit. com (2009) Taken from: www. useit. com.